Elaine de kooning works from 1940s

American expressionist painter (–)

Elaine Marie Catherine de Kooning (də KOO-ning,^[2]Dutch:[dəˈkoːnɪŋ]; née&#;Fried; March 12, ^[1] – February 1, ^[3]) was an Abstract Expressionist and Figurative Expressionistpainter in the post-World War II era.

She wrote extensively on the art of the period^[4] and was an editorial associate for Art News magazine.^[5]

Early life and education

Elaine de Kooning was born Elaine Marie Catherine Fried in in Flatbush, Unused York.^[6] Later in life she told people she was born in Her parents were Mary Ellen O'Brien, an Irish Catholic, and Charles Frank Fried, a Protestant of Jewish descent.^[7][8] Her father Charles was a plant manager for the Bond Bread Company.

Elaine was the eldest of four children; Marjorie (Luyckx), Conrad, and Peter were her siblings.^[9] Her mother, despite existence recalled as less loving and attentive than some parents by Elaine's younger sister, supported her eldest's artistic endeavors.^[6]

Elaine's mother started taking Elaine to museums at the age of five and taught her to draw what she saw.

Elaine's childhood room was decorated with painting reproductions.^[8] Her mother was committed to the Creedmoor Psychiatric Center for a year during Elaine's childhood after a neighbor reported her for neglect of her children.^[6]

Studies

In grade school, Elaine began drawing and selling portraits of children attending her school.^[8] She was interested in and did adequately at sports as well as art.^[8] Elaine studied at Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn.

After graduating from High Educational facility, she briefly studied math at Hunter College in New York City, where she befriended a group of abstract and Social Realistpainters. In , she attended the Leonardo da Vinci Art School and went on to study at the American Artists School, both in New York City.

While attending school, Elaine made money working as an art school model.^[8]

Marriage to Willem de Kooning

In the fall of her teacher Robert Jonas introduced her to Willem de Kooning at a Manhattan cafeteria when she was 20 and he ^[10] Elaine had admired his artwork before meeting him.

After meeting, Willem began to instruct her in drawing and painting. They painted in his loft at West 21st Street, and he was known for his harsh criticism of her perform, "sternly requiring that she attract and redraw a figure or still life and insisting on fine, accurate, clear linear definition supported by precisely modulated shading."^[11] He even destroyed many of her drawings, but this "impelled Elaine to strive for both precision and grace in her work".^[11] When they married on December 9, , she moved into his loft and they continued sharing studio spaces.^[11]

The couple had what was later called an open marriage; they both were casual about sex and about each other's affairs.

Elaine de Kooning b. She also took drawing classes from the man who would eventually develop her husband, Willem de Kooning, in While de Kooning frequently advertised the greatness of Willem de Kooning, she also pursued her own private and professional life, with an amalgam of spontaneity, improvisation, violence, and strength that matched the forces and style of action painting. Her early works are still lifes and portraits distinctly influenced by Cubism, but in the mid- to late s she began making abstract paintings as adv as writing art criticism.

Elaine had affairs with men who helped further Willem's career, such as Harold Rosenberg, a celebrated art critic; Thomas B. Hess, a writer about art and managing editor for ARTnews; and Charles Egan, owner of the Charles Egan Gallery.

Willem had a daughter, Lisa de Kooning, in , as a product of his affair with Joan Ward^[who?].^[11]

Elaine and Willem both struggled with alcoholism, which eventually led to their separation in ^[11] While separated, Elaine remained in New York, struggling with poverty, and Willem moved to Extended Island and dealt with depression.

Despite struggling with alcoholism, they both continued painting. Although separated for nearly twenty years, they never divorced, ultimately reuniting in ^[11]

Career

Elaine de Kooning was an accomplished landscape and portrait creator active in the Abstract Expressionist movement of the mid-twentieth century.

She was a member of the Eighth Street Club (the Club) in New York City.^[8] The Club functioned as a space to discuss ideas. Among this group of artists were Willem de Kooning, Jimmy Rosati, Giorgio Spaventi, Milton Resnick, Pat Passlof, Earl Kerkam, Ludwig Sander, Angelo Ippolito, Franz Kline, Clyfford Still, and Hans Hofmann.

A membership position for a gal was rare at that moment.

Elaine promoted Willem's work throughout their relationship. Along with her own work as a painter, she was committed to gaining recognition for her husband's operate.

Though she was very intense about her own work, she was well-aware that it was often overshadowed by her husband's fame. After showing their function in their exhibition at the Sidney Janis Gallery, Artists: Male and Wife, which also included Jackson Pollock and Lee Krasner, Ben Nicholson and Barbara Hepworth, and Jean Arp and Sophie Taeuber-Arp, Elaine said, "It seemed like a good idea at the time, but later I came to think that it was a bit of a put-down of the women.

There was something about the present that sort of attached women-wives- to the real artists".^[11] Despite this effect on her retain career, Elaine continued to promote her husband.

In she spent the summer at Art dealerLeo Castelli's house at The Hamptons with Willem de Kooning.^[12]

In April Elaine presented her first Solo exhibition at the Stable Gallery (she sometimes declared it was in but the gallery was founded in )^[10][12]

Women were often marginalized in the Abstract Expressionist movement, functioning as objects and accessories to confirm the masculinity of their male counterparts.^[13] For that reason, she chose to sign her artworks with her initials rather than her complete name, to avoid her paintings' being labeled as feminine in a traditionally masculine movement, and to not be confused with her husband Willem de Kooning.

Elaine and Willem were also part of the New York School scene, which included Jackson Pollock.^[14]

Elaine de Kooning was an important writer and teacher of art. She began working at the magazine ARTnews in , and wrote articles about major figures in the art society.

She wrote about one hundred articles for Art News magazine.^[15] Elaine de Kooning was the first American artist in the s to take on the role of artists' critic.^[15] "As an writer, she wrote about culture, art, and new ideas to her generation of artists and readers."^[15] Although Elaine was a successful writer, she considered herself a "painter by nature."^[15] Elaine de kooning's art and writing were all devoted to art and humanity.^[15]

Over the course of her life, she held teaching posts at many institutions of higher education.

In , after Elaine and Willem de Kooning separated, she took on a series of short-term instruction jobs to support herself. She taught at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque; the University of California in Davis; at Carnegie Mellon, at Southampton College on Long Island; at the Cooper Union and Pratt Institute in New York; at Yale; at RISD in Rhode Island; Bard College;^[16] the University of Georgia and the Unused York Studio School in Paris.^[8] Between and , she served as the first Lamar Dodd Visiting Professor of Art at the University of Georgia (UGA) in Athens.

In she was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a complete academician in

In de Kooning was one of twelve female artists featured in the "Women of Abstract Expressionism" exhibition organized by the Denver Art Museum.^[17] The purpose of this reveal was to highlight the distinct talents and perspectives of female artists who, as was previously noted, were often dismissed or overshadowed by their male counterparts.

The show later traveled to the Mint Museum and the Palm Springs Art Museum.^[18]

"For Elaine, everything was always new, never resolved, always being unmade and made, as if it had never been made before.

She did not accumulate experience and learn what to expect Experience was a constant surprise."^[15] Existence the wife of the renowned painter Willem de Kooning, she did not receive real recognition for her own achievement until a few years before she died.

Her works are in the collections of the Museum of Modern Art, The Metropolitan Museum Of Art, and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York.

Active in the New York school of Abstract Expressionism in the midth century, Elaine de Kooning — developed a lifelong commitment to figuration through the gestural painting exercise of the movement. In the artist met and took drawing lessons from Dutch-American Abstract Expressionist artist Willem de Kooningwho would eventually become her husband in In the mid- to delayed s, she turned to abstraction and began a career in art criticism as an editorial associate at Art News magazine. Between andthe Club served as a meeting space for a group of avant-garde artists to discuss and debate art.

Art

Elaine de Kooning made both abstract and figurative paintings and drawings of still life, cityscapes, and portraits. Her work was influenced by the artists Willem de Kooning and Arshile Gorky, artists who worked abstractly and also in a figurative way.

Her earlier work comprised watercolors and still lifes, including fifty watercolor sketches inspired by a statue in the Luxembourg Gardens in Paris. Later in her career, her work fused abstraction with mythology, primitive imagery, and realism. Her gestural style of portraiture is often noted, although her work was mostly figurative and representational, and rarely purely abstract.

She produced a diverse body of work over the course of her lifetime, including sculpture, etchings, and work inspired by cave drawings, all in addition to her many paintings. Her work presents a combination between painting and drawing, surface and contour, stroke and line, tint and light, transparency and opacity.

When asked about her approach she said, "I'm more interested in character than style. Ethics comes out of the function. Style is applied or imposed on the work. Style can be a prison.^[20]

Early works

In the summer of , Elaine and Willem de Kooning spent a summer at Black Mountain College near Asheville, North Carolina.

Elaine studied under Josef Albers, R. Buckminster Fuller and Merce Cunningham.^[21] A regular participant in theatrical performances, Elaine was very deeply interested in the college's social life.^[22]

Portraits

A large portion of Elaine de Kooning's work was in portraiture.

In addition to painting many self-portraits throughout the course of her life, her subjects were often fellow artists—usually men—including poets Frank O'Hara, John Ashbery, and Allen Ginsberg; writer Donald Barthelme; art criticHarold Rosenberg; Thomas B. Hess, managing editor of Artnews; choreographer Merce Cunningham; legendary art dealer Leo Castelli; innovative jazz musician Ornette Coleman; the renowned Brazilian soccer star Pele; and painters Joop Sanders, Fairfield Porter, Alex Katz and her husband, Willem de Kooning.

Although she worked in a gestural Abstract Expressionist mode, she never abandoned working with the figure ensuring the person's likeness.^[23]

In , Elaine met 22 year-old Dutch painter Joop Sanders at a Virgil Thomson concert. They agreed to pose for each other and that began a years-long collaboration that produced dozens of portraits.

Elaine called hers the "Joop Paintings". After spending a diurnal drawing Sanders, she would perform for a week turning the drawings into a painting. In the process, Elaine said she became "hooked" on portraits, through which she melded those aspects she found most intriguing in her subject with elements of herself, according to Mary Gabriel's "Ninth Street Women" (page )^[12]

Elaine employed a wide range of virtuosic drawing and painting techniques: finely detailed pencil drawings and more free ink drawings, crosshatching, erasure, stumping, and improvisational graphic lines, thin paint and impasto, “thin, dripping washes of bold color…” with many media: pencil, ink, charcoal, gouache, collage, mixed media, oil on paper, canvas and masonite.^[24]

'She achieves a instinct of distinguishing facial features and captures each subject's presence with sharp, jagged strokes of paint… A drawing of [her brother] Conrad from presents [his] brain and shoulders against a shadowy background, with a combination of careful lines and darker strokes defining a contemplative figure with great subtlety.”^[25]

In regard to her portraiture, Elaine de Kooning wrote, "when I painted my seated men, I saw them as gyroscopes.

Portraiture always fascinated me because I love the particular gesture of a particular utterance or stance Working on the figure, I wanted paint to sweep through as feelings sweep through&#;" She studied each person "to find the characteristic pose that would define them."^[8] Elaine de Kooning made portraits of men in her life, such as her husband Willem de Kooning and gallery owner Charles Egan, with whom she had an affair while he was representing her husband Willem de Kooning.^[26] A great example of this is the series of studies and finished portraits of President John F.

Kennedy, which was the most important commission in her career. De Kooning also did a series of men with children, and a series of women after she resumed painting a year after John F. Kennedy's death.

New Mexico

In the fall of , until late spring of Elaine got a teaching appointment as visiting professor at the University of New Mexico.

This gave her the opportunity to immerse herself in the characteristic paint and space of the Southwestern landscape. She visited Juarez, Mexico where she attended many bullfights. She created a series of painting inspired by the theme with bold and bright colors.^[20][27][28] She wrote that "the cottonwood trees and aspens had turned an overwhelming gold" and that "New England mountains are so well planted, but the Modern Mexico mountains seems to maneuver toward you".^[10] During her wait she travelled to Santa Fe and visited Georgia O Keeffe.

She described her as a "grand old gal" who "looks like a monk and was very witty in a drain sort of way".^[10]

She started to experiment with acrylic paint during that period. She made connections with students such as William Conger and became friends with artists Joan Oppenheimer, Connie Fox or Margaret Randall.^[10] She also got involved with Robert Mallary, a fellow instructor.^[10]

Bacchus series

The Bacchus series of paintings and watercolors that Elaine de Kooning generated over seven years began in She was captivated by a 19th-century sculpture of the Roman god Bacchus, which she saw in the Luxembourg Gardens in Paris.

She particularly admired the sculpture’s twisting, dynamic form, which portrays the commotion created by the drunken god and his equally inebriated attendants. It was the first time she ever used acrylic paint.^[29][30]

Later works

See also: Paleolithic art

In Elaine visited the paleolithic cave paintings of Lascaux in France and Altamira in Spain and produced a series of paintings titled Cave Walls.

In Paleolithic art she start the roots of Abstract Expressionism, since they have the matching improvisational processes and spontaneous way. In other words, "she initiate Paleolithic art close in liveliness to twentieth-century art."^[15]

In when Elaine de Kooning visited the cave in the Spanish Pyrenees, she realized that the geological formations and textures of the cave wall were the same as her ground of flying hue, drips, washes, and strokes, animal forms and drawing rising out of its contours; giving her the affirmation to her retain way of working.

These series of paintings were shown at the Fischbach Gallery in November , three months before her death.

Exhibitions

In De Kooning was included in the 9th Avenue Art Exhibition.^[31]

De Kooning's work has been featured in numerous solo exhibitions as well as in a multitude of group shows in commercial art galleries as well as in major art museums and institutions.

The artist's work has received increasing critical acclaim posthumously, resulting in exhibitions such as the major museum show "Elaine De Kooning: Portraits" hosted by the National Portrait Gallery in in Washington, DC.^[32]

Public collections

Works by this artist are in the permanent collections of:

• The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY^[33]
• The Solomon R.

  Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY^[34]

• The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Recent York, NY^[35]
• The Denver Art Museum, Denver, CO^[36]
• The National Museum of Women in the Arts, Washington, D.C.^[37]
• The Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), Los Angeles, CA^[38]
• The Smithsonian American Art Museum^[39]
• The National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C.^[40] - The Smithsonian Institution's National Portrait Gallery reportedly holds the largest museum collection of portraits by De Kooning.^[41]

Death

De Kooning died on February 1, , in Southampton, New York,^[3] a year after having a lung removed due to lung cancer.^[1]

Legacy

Mary Beth Edelson's Some Living American Women Artists / Last Supper () appropriated Leonardo da Vinci’s The Last Supper, with the heads of notable women artists collaged over the heads of Christ and his apostles.

Elaine was among those notable women artists. This image, addressing the role of religious and art historical iconography in the subordination of women, became "one of the most iconic images of the feminist art movement."^[42][43]

In , the Pollock-Krasner House and Study Center hosted "Elaine de Kooning Portrayed," an exhibition dedicated to portraits, likenesses, and reflections on de Kooning by other artists, including her husband Willem as adv as Arshile Gorky, Fairfield Porter, Hedda Sterne, Alex Katz, Robert De Niro, Sr., Ray Johnson, Joop Sanders, Paul Harris, and Edvins Strautman.

In de Kooning was included in the exhibition Women of Abstract Expressionism at the Denver Art Museum.^[44]

In de Kooning was one of the subjects of the book Ninth Street Women: Lee Krasner, Elaine de Kooning, Grace Hartigan, Joan Mitchell, and Helen Frankenthaler: Five Painters and the Movement That Changed Modern Art by Mary Gabriel.^[45]

De Kooning's work was included in the exhibition Women in Abstraction at the Centre Pompidou.^[46]

In her work was included in the exhibition Action, Gesture, Paint: Women Artists and Global Abstraction at the Whitechapel Gallery in London.^[47]

One of the few residences owned by Elaine de Kooning during her lifetime was a studio at Alewive Brook Road in East Hampton.

The current owners are reportedly developing an artists' residency/alternative exhibition space referred to as "the Elaine de Kooning house."^[48]

See also

References

Sources

• Gabriel, Mary. Ninth Street Women: Lee Krasner, Elaine de Kooning, Grace Hartigan, Joan Mitchell, and Helen Frankenthaler: five painters and the movement that changed up-to-date art.

  New York: Little, Brown and Company,

• Grace Glueck; "Elaine de Kooning, Artist and Mentor, Dies at 68", New York Times obituary, February 2,
• Paul Schimmel; Judith E Stein; Newport Harbor Art Museum, The Figurative fifties: New York figurative expressionism (Newport Beach, California: Newport Harbor Art Museum; New York: Rizzoli, ); ISBN&#;, ISBN&#;, ISBN&#;, ISBN&#;
• Hall, Lee ().

  Elaine and Bill, Portrait of a Marriage: The Lives of Willem and Elaine de Kooning. New York Town, NY: HarperCollins Publishing. ISBN&#;.

• Marika Herskovic, American Abstract and Figurative Expressionism: Style Is Timely Art Is Timeless (New York School Pressurize, ); ISBN&#; pp.&#;72–75
• Marika Herskovic, American Abstract Expressionism of the s An Illustrated Survey,Archived at the Wayback Machine (New York University Press, ); ISBN&#;; pp.&#;90–93
• Marika Herskovic, New York School Abstract Expressionists Artists Choice by Artists,Archived at the Wayback Machine (New York School Press, ); ISBN&#;; p.&#; 8, 16, 25, 36, –
• The Spirit of Abstract Expressionism Selected Writings; ISBN&#;
• Edvard Lieber, Willem de Kooning: Reflections in the Studio, (New York, New York, Harry N.

  Abrams, Inc., ); ISBN&#;

• Huffington Post, "Elaine de Kooning Birthday: 10 Things You Didn't Perceive About the Great Abstract Expressionist," March 12, [1]

External links

• Oral history transcript with recording excerpt of an interview with Elaine de Kooning on August 27, , conducted by Phyllis Tuchman for the Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
• "Elaine de Kooning in a dialogue with Rosalyn Drexler", in ARTnews, January and reproduced in the coverage of 'Women in the Art World today', in ARTnews, June
• Article: "Instant Illuminations: Elaine de Kooning's Prior Portraiture" from Hyperallergic, April
• Audio Recording of Elaine de Kooning, April 6, , from Maryland Institute College of Art's Decker Library, Internet Archive
• Article: Elaine de Kooning (–) from New Georgia Encyclopedia Paul Andrew Manoguerra, Georgia Museum of Art, 03/04/
• An in depth analysis of Elaine de Kooning's most notable art pieces, The Art Story Modern Art Insight
• Article/Archives: "Elaine de Kooning, Painter and Teacher, Dies at 68", by Grace Glueck, The Fresh York Times,
• Review Article: "A Generous Vision' of Elaine de Kooning" by Karen Wilkin, The Wall Street Journal Jan.

  5,